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Puro Border: Dispatches, Snapshots & Graffiti from La Frontera,Luis Humberto Crosthwaite, John William Byrd, Bobby Byrd.
The proverbial tortilla curtain is that very real boundary etched across lands that divide North American and Mexican peoples. It is also a place of complex experience and multiform cultural expression. The dozens of photo-journalistic, investigative, and personal essays along with testimonials and fictional vignettes that make up Puro Border reflect such a lived borderland space.
Latinos Remaking America. Eds. Marcelo M. Suárez-Orozco and Mariela M. Páez.
The 2002 census proved without a doubt that Latinos have become the largest minority group in the U.S. It proved that for our public policy and legislations to ignore the thirty-eight-plus million documented Latinos (Chicanos, Mexicanos, Latin Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cuban, and Dominicans) would be akin to grand-scale social suicide.
Red Matters; Arnold Krupat, Grave Concerns, Trickster Turns: The Novels of Louis Owens; Chris LaLonde
Arnold Krupat's Red Matters and Chris LaLonde's Grave Concerns, Trickster Turns: The Novels of Louis Owens seek to emplace centrally Native Indian literature and cultural production within American studies. While Krupat addresses a variety of Native texts--from the narratives of Sherman Alexie, Charles Easton, and Mourning Dove to oral histories, and translation theory--and LaLonde focuses exclusively on the novels of mixed-blood author, Louis Owens, their goal is the same: To use a variety of theoretical methods from Derridean informed poststructuralism to formulations of trickster metafictional techniques to enrich and complicate our understanding of Native identity and experience.
Gang Nation Review by Frederick Luis Aldama
Monica Brown's Gang Nation powerfully explores novels, autobiography, and drama by and about Chicano and Puerto Rican gangs to expand the range of U.S. ethnic scholarly criticism and to complicate the mainstream's misconceptions of the young and disenfranchised urban dweller.
New Critical Directions in Comparative Literary Studies By Frederick Luis Aldama
Tectonic shifts are fracturing old models of literary analysis and pushing forward approaches anew. Lacanian psychoanalysis, post-Marxist Marxism, Foucaultian new historicism, and Derridean deconstructionism are being radically revised--or discarded all together.
The Mind and Its Stories: Narrative Universals and Human Emotion
In spite the hustle-bustle of our everyday, we still take pause to read novels, watch films, t.v. shows, and/or to hear someone recount a story. Storytelling in all its shapes and sizes continues to perform a vital function in the everyday lives of peoples worldwide. In The Mind and its Stories Patrick Colm Hogan begins to explore this aspect of our quotidian existence--and much more.
Postindependence Voices in South Asian Writings. Alamgir Hashmi, Lalashiri Lal, Victor Ramraj, eds. Islamabad, Pakistan. Alhamra. 2001 (released 2002). Rs450. 320 pages. ISBN 969-516-093-X
POSTINDEPENDENCE VOICES IN SOUTH ASIAN WRITINGS brings together literary scholarship, author interviews, and creative non-fiction to reflect the vital and ever-expanding sphere of contemporary South Asian letters.
Rohinton Mistry. Family Matters. New York. Knopf. 2002. $26. 434 pages. ISBN 0-375-40373-6
IN FAMILY MATTERS, Rohinton Mistry beautifully colors a contemporary Bombay peopled with characters whose lives are filled with mundane-but no less grand-struggles and accomplishments. As with his earlier short-story collection, Tales from Firozsha Baag, and novel, Such a Long Journey, Mistry carefully crafts a narrative that heightens our sense of the vital life of a Parsi family-one filled with sibling rivalries, lost loves, secrets, and also the growth pains of the young alongside the deep sufferings of the old.
Anita Rau Badami. Tamarind Woman. Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Algonquin. 2002. 266 pages. $23.95. ISBN 1-56512-335-2
IN HER SECOND NOVEL, Tamarind Woman, Anita Rau Badami once again proves to be a wonderfully gifted storyteller. In a dramatic turn from her male-centered bildungsroman, A Hero's Walk (2001; see WLT 76:1, p. 134), Badami plunges her readers deep into the coming-of-age trials and tribulations of her young character, Kamini.
Chitra Banerjee Divakarani, The Vine of Desire. New York. Doubleday. 2002. 373 pages. $23.95. ISBN 0-385-49729-6
"IN THE BEGINNING WAS PAIN. Or perhaps it was the end that was suffused with pain, its distinctive indigo tint. Color of old bruises, color of broken pottery, of crumpled maps in evening light." So begins Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni's novel The Vine of Desire.
Vijay Tendulkar. Mitrachi Goshta: A Friend's Story. Gowri Ramnarayan, tr. New Delhi. Oxford University Press. 2001. xv + 78 pages. Rs295/$10.95. ISBN 0-19-565317-3
SINCE THE APPEARANCE of cross-dressing male actors in Patanjali's Mahabhasya (ca. 150 B.C.E.), India's dramatic productions have been characterized by a fluid role-playing of gender. Of course, having all-women and/or all-men performances was intended to prevent transgressive heterosexual couplings. For others, however, it became a space where same-sex desire and couplings could flourish. In the play Mitrachi Goshta: A Friend's Story, preeminent playwright Vijay Tendulkar more than alludes to this long tradition of same-sex gender performing in theater; indeed, he uses it to foreground the coming-out story of Sumitra Dev-a fictional character based on a real woman whose promising acting career was stunted after her affair with a young woman turned into a great scandal. Tendulkar's three-act play fictionalizes the life-changing moments in Mitra's struggle to cope with being "different."
Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni The Unknown Errors of Our Lives New York. Doubleday. 2001. 268 pages $23.95. ISBN 0-385-49727-X
IN THE UNKNOWN Errors of Our Lives Chitra Divakaruni uses the short-story form to bring to life a complex array of South Asian characters and their struggles to survive within the restrictive social conditions of a rural and urban India and a suburban USA. Characters at the social margins take center stage in these stories.
Conversations with Leslie Marmon Silko Ellen L. Arnold, ed. Jackson. University Press of Mississippi. 2000. xvi + 200 pages. $45 ($18 paper) ISBN 1-57806-300-0 (301-9 paper)
FOR THE LAGUNA Pueblo Indians in New Mexico, the sense of being within history and culture passes down through a strong oral storytelling tradition. Fitting, then, that editor Ellen Arnold culls fifteen interviews from a twenty-five-year period to weave a complex portrait of Laguna Pueblo-born and -raised novelist and prose poet Leslie Mormon Silko.
Leslie Marmon Silko. Gardens in the Dunes. New York. Simon & Schuster. 1999. 479 pages. $25. ISBN 0-684-8ii54-5
As Indigo and Sister Salt set out on their different paths, they encounter a panoply of colorful, uprooted characters who seek a similar sense of belonging. Indigo stumbles into the lives of a protofeminist, Hattie, and her experimental botanist husband Edward (in a handy metaphor, he is cross-fertilizing orange with lemon to create a new, more robust hybrid fruit). Tucked under Hattie's wing, Indigo travels to England, Corsica, and Italy as well as the U.S. Southwest.
Anita Desai. Fasting, Feasting. London. Chatto & Windus.1999. 228 pages. 14.99. ISBN o-701-I6894-3
Anita Desai's novels typically gravitate around women (mostly middleclass South Asians) who come of age in the sweltering clime of India's outback and within households heavy with patriarchal oppression. In her new novel, Fasting, Feasting, the protagonist Uma, much like Desai's earlier characters Nanda Kaul in Fire on the Mountain (1977) and Bimla in Clear Light of Day (i98o), dares to dream of a life beyond her estate's closed gates. Unfortunately, also like her predecessors, Uma finds that her desires - "A career. Leaving home. Living alone" - meet with unscalable walls at every turn.
HanifKureishi. Intimacy. Scribner, 1999.
Explosive--and justifiable--controversy surrounds the 1998 British best-seller Intimacy by Anglo/Indian Hanif Kureishi. Light to hand at barely a hundred pages, the novel weighs heavy with macho attitude. Too, while it is Kureishi's most autobiographically confessional work to date, it tiptoes most lightly of his works around issues of racial and sexual identity formation. Intimacy records a sour night in the life of Jay--a fortysomething man who, not so unlike the author, leaves his partner, foodianado and publisher Susan, and their two ABC-age sons.
Why Does Literature Matter?
Indeed, why does literature matter? Plato and Aristotle had quite a bit to say on the subject, and latter the Classical and Medieval theoreticians of rhetoric even turned it into the central theme of their taxonomies and structural explanations. Moreover, this has been a question posed continuously and everywhere since the nineteenth century, and not only by readers in general but above all, by academics that study and teach literature as a discipline.
Why Does Literature Matter?
Indeed, why does literature matter? Plato and Aristotle had quite a bit to say on the subject, and latter the Classical and Medieval theoreticians of rhetoric even turned it into the central theme of their taxonomies and structural explanations. Moreover, this has been a question posed continuously and everywhere since the nineteenth century, and not only by readers in general but above all, by academics that study and teach literature as a discipline.
Hanif Kureishi. My Ear at His Heart: Reading My Father
Set out to draft a contemplative essay on the influence of authors and other matters, upon opening one of his late father's unpublished novels, Hanif Kureishi steers a radically different course. The result: the vividly textured, brutally honest, and complex biographical meditation, My Ear at His Heart.
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The Mind and Its Stories: Narrative Universals and Human Emotion
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Last updated: 08-Jun-2004 | Author: Frederick Luis Aldama
Patrick Colm Hogan. The Mind and Its Stories: Narrative Universals and Human Emotion. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. $65.00. 302 pages. ISBN 0-521-82527-X.
In spite the hustle-bustle of our everyday, we still take pause to read novels,
watch films, t.v. shows, and/or to hear someone recount a story. Storytelling
in all its shapes and sizes continues to perform a vital function in the everyday
lives of peoples worldwide. In The Mind and its Stories Patrick Colm Hogan begins to explore this aspect of our quotidian existence--and
much more.
Drawing on recent research (and commonsense hypotheses) in cognitive science
and coupled with a massive knowledge of stories told and written from all corners
of the world, Hogan provides a refreshingly new and solid foundation for understanding
how storytelling works cross-culturally: both from the point of view of the author/storyteller
and the reader/audience. He does so by first establishing how species-specific
neuronal, synaptic, and bio-chemical activities shape the way we select, store,
and retrieve information, memory, and emotion. As Hogan discusses at length,
such everyday cognitive substructures as "schema" (that establishes a "hierarchy
of definitiveness: conception of human as organic" (63), "prototype" (that solidifies
schema as with the concept of "sadness as sadder than average" (63), and "exemplum"
(as expression of the category of sad) guide the way we identify plot, character,
event, theme, and so on, as constituting the category "story" and that differs
from non-story (a laundry list, for example). Moreover, the identification of
a species-specific cognitive architecture allows Hogan to explore deeply how certain
plots, genres, characters, narrative techniques make "maximally relevant" (63)
how we engage with stories in specific ways; how the phrasings, emplotment, and
techniques work to prime and trigger the reader/audience's (and author as reader/audience)
"concrete imagination of conditions, characters, and events" (74).
Of course, as Hogan is careful to acknowledge, not all of us will respond in
exactly the same way to the same story. There is a certain degree of variability
culturally and historically. However, as Hogan persuasively argues and substantiates,
the presence of species specific cognitive blue-prints and proto-emotions (happiness,
sadness, anger, and grief, for example) establish a solid foundation for understanding
the mind and its stories universally. This leads him to discuss persuasively
how certain techniques are both "obligatory", such as the use of a specific line
scheme and rhyme in the writing of a sonnet and/or "optional", such as the use
of alliteration or not in composing of a sonnet (22-23). And, Hogan sheds new
light on how storytellers innovatively re-shape stories in ways that "re-particularize"
and adjust the audience's "expectation of emotion prototypes" (88). Such innovation
relies on the author's tuning into his/her emotion prototypes that help guide
the use of narrative technique and decisions, Hogan adds, "as to what sort of
story is tellable, what is of interest, what is valid, and what is effective and
engaging" (88). For Hogan, the fact that we select and process information in
universal ways is evident not only in the specifics of phrasing and narrative
techniques deployed, but also in the appearance of paradigmatic stories cross-culturally:
the epic/heroic, romance, suffering, and sacrificial as Hogan identifies tentatively
from his prodigious readings. For example, that all cultures have stories that
follow the heroic/epic plot--protagonist's experiences conflict, then separation
from community, and final resolution that re-establishes social order (romance
or battle, for example) is not so surprising as our species' evolution relies
on both biological reproduction and a communal harmony. And when Hogan turns
to a reading of Ainu epic poems recited by women, while he discovers that they
typically privilege a woman's points of view of events, they ultimately express
a universal "desire for autonomy, a particular concern with one's own in-group"
(176). Certainly, as Hogan is careful to point out, while the epic/heroic might
be the dominant form of a story, the presence of paradigmatic stories by degree
and kind can inflect--and thus re-form--such a dominant story.
In Hogan's characteristic crisp argumentation, clear writing style, and common
sense approach, The Mind and its Stories demonstrates powerfully how advances made in the cognitive sciences (psychology,
evolutionary biology, and neuroscience) can provide literary scholars with a set
of tools that can be tested, discarded, and/or smelted anew, to understand better
that activity so central to our everyday lives: the making of and engaging with
stories.
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